Tag: ubuntu

Git Commands to Remove Merged or Nonexistent Local Branches

The following git commands will delete all local branches that have been removed from remote or merged into the main branch.

Over time, your local git branches list can become overwhelming, particularly if you develop on a single branch, generate a pull request, merge it into the main branch, and then remove the remote git branch once it has been merged. After the branch is removed from the remote repository, there is no need to keep it on your local machine.

The following git command will delete all local branches that have been merged into the main branch. If your git trunk branch is not named main or you wish to remove all branches that have been merged into a branch other than main, simply modify the two instances of the word main in the command to reflect the name of your branch.

List of git commands to remove local merged git branches

To remove all the local branches, which are merged into the main branch, navigate to the root of the repository and run the following git commands,

  • Fetch the latest updates from the git repository
git fetch
  • See the list of local branches available in the repository
git branch
  • Delete all local branches that have been merged to main branch 
git branch --merged main | grep -v "^\* main" | xargs -n 1 -r git branch -d

Explanation:

This command is a combination of several Git commands and shell commands that work together to delete all the local Git branches that have been merged into the main branch, except for the main branch itself.

Here’s a breakdown of the individual commands and what they do:

  1. git branch --merged main: This command lists all the local branches that have been merged into the main branch. The --merged option tells Git to only list branches that have been fully merged into main.
  2. grep -v "^\* main": This command filters out the main branch from the list of branches. The -v option tells grep to invert the match, i.e., show only the lines that do not match the pattern. The pattern in this case is "^\* main", which matches lines that start with an asterisk (\*) followed by the text main.
  3. xargs -n 1 -r git branch -d: This command passes the list of merged branches (excluding main) to the git branch -d command, which deletes each branch. The -n 1 option tells xargs to pass one branch name at a time to the git branch -d command. The -r option tells xargs to only run the git branch -d command if there is at least one branch name to pass to it. The -d option tells Git to delete the branches, but only if they have been fully merged into the current branch (in this case, main). Note that this option will fail if the branch has unmerged changes, in which case the -D option could be used instead to force-delete the branch.

List of git commands to remove local nonexistent git branches

Similarly, run the following git commands to remove all the deleted branches from the local computer:

  • Fetch the latest updates from the git repository
git fetch
  • See the list of local branches available in the repository
git branch
  • Delete all local branches that have been merged to main branch 
git branch -vv | grep ': gone]' | grep -v '\*' | awk '{ print $1; }' | xargs -r git branch -d

Explanation:

This command is a combination of several commands in a shell pipeline that work together to delete Git branches that are marked as "gone".

Here’s a breakdown of the individual commands and what they do:

  1. git branch -vv: This command lists all the Git branches in the local repository, with additional information about their upstream branches (if any). The -vv option adds more information about whether each branch is “up to date”, “behind”, or “ahead” of its upstream branch.
  2. grep ': gone]': This command filters the output of the git branch -vv command to only show the branches that are marked as "gone". The grep command searches for lines that contain the text ": gone]", which indicates that a branch is gone.
  3. grep -v '\*': This command further filters the output to exclude any branches that are currently checked out (indicated by the asterisk symbol). The -v option tells grep to invert the match, i.e., show only the lines that do not contain an asterisk.
  4. awk '{ print $1; }': This command extracts only the branch names from the filtered output. The awk command splits each line of input into fields and prints only the first field, which is the branch name.
  5. xargs -r git branch -d: This command passes the branch names to the git branch -d command, which deletes each branch. The -r option tells xargs to only run the git branch -d command if there is at least one branch name to pass to it. The -d option tells Git to delete the branches. Note that this option will fail if the branch has unmerged changes, in which case the -D option could be used instead to force-delete the branch.

Note: you can test these git commands by creating temporary repository on any git platform like, GitHub, GitLab or Bitbucket.

Solved – error while loading shared libraries: libpangox-1.0.so.0: Anydesk on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS

After successfully upgrading from Ubuntu 20.04 LTS to 22.04 LTS, most of the applications are working perfectly. But, some of the applications behave unusually. Such as, I tried to run the Anydesk application, but it doesn’t launch/start. when I checked the status service, the AnyDesk service was failed and the reason for failing is mentioned in the below error message,

anydesk: error while loading shared libraries: libpangox-1.0.so.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

libpangox-1.0.so.0 is a library used for text layout and rendering the text. Most of the work on Pango-1.0 was done using the GTK+ widget toolkit as a test platform.

So, I ran the command to install it using the apt as follows,

apt install libpangox-1.0-0

But, it gives me the following error,

Package libpangox-1.0-0 is not available, but is referred to by another package.
This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or
is only available from another source

So, from that we can understand that, libpangox-1.0.so.0 can’t be installed from apt or apt-get. We need to install it manually.

Use the following steps to install libpangox-1.0.so.0 manually,

Step 1. Download the libpangox-1.0 package

wget http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/pool/main/p/pangox-compat/libpangox-1.0-0_0.0.2-5.1_amd64.deb

Step2: Install the package using apt

sudo apt install ./libpangox-1.0-0_0.0.2-5.1_amd64.deb

Step3: Restart the AnyDesk service

sudo service anydesk restart

After these steps, if you check the AnyDesk service status, it will show active (running).

Setup and use a virtual python environment in Ubuntu

With virtualenvwrapper (user-friendly wrappers for the functionality of virtualenv)

Install virtualenv

Install virtualenv with

sudo apt-get install virtualenv

(for Ubuntu 14.04 (trusty) install python-virtualenv)

Install virtualenvwrapper

The reason we are also installing virtualenvwrapper is that it offers nice and simple commands to manage your virtual environments. There are two ways to install virtualenvwrapper:

As Ubuntu package (from Ubuntu 16.04)

Run sudo apt install virtualenvwrapper then run echo "source /usr/share/virtualenvwrapper/virtualenvwrapper.sh" >> ~/.bashrc

Using pip

  1. Install and/or update pip

    Install pip for Python 2 with
    sudo apt-get install python-pip

    or for Python 3
    sudo apt-get install python3-pip

    (if you use Python 3, you may need to use pip3 instead of pip in the rest of this guide).

    Optional (but recommended): 
    Turn on bash autocomplete for pip Run
    pip completion --bash >> ~/.bashrc

    and run 

    source ~/.bashrc 

    to enable.
  2. Install virtualenvwrapper Because we want to avoid sudo pip we install virtualenvwrapper locally (by default under ~/.local) with:
    pip install --user virtualenvwrapper

    and

    echo "export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3" >> ~/.bashrc
  3. Source virtualenvwrapper in .bashrc

    echo "source ~/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh" >> ~/.bashrc

Setup virtualenv and virtualenvwrapper:

First, we export the WORKON_HOME variable which contains the directory in which our virtual environments are to be stored. Let’s make this ~/.virtualenvs

export WORKON_HOME=~/.virtualenvs

now also create this directory

mkdir $WORKON_HOME

and put this export in our ~/.bashrc file so this variable gets automatically defined

echo "export WORKON_HOME=$WORKON_HOME" >> ~/.bashrc

We can also add some extra tricks like the following, which makes sure that if pip creates an extra virtual environment, it is also placed in our WORKON_HOME directory:

echo "export PIP_VIRTUALENV_BASE=$WORKON_HOME" >> ~/.bashrc

Source ~/.bashrc to load the changes

source ~/.bashrc

Test if it works

Now we create our first virtual environment. The -p argument is optional, it is used to set the Python version to use; it can also be python3 for example.

mkvirtualenv -p python2.7 test

You will see that the environment will be set up, and your prompt now includes the name of your active environment in parentheses. Also if you now run

python -c "import sys; print sys.path"

you should see a lot of /home/user/.virtualenv/... because it now doesn’t use your system site packages.

You can deactivate your environment by running

deactivate

and if you want to work on it again, simply type

workon test

Finally, if you want to delete your environment, type

rmvirtualenv test

Enjoy!

Autostart Glassfish on startup in Ubuntu

To make the Glassfish Server auto start with startup, we need to setting up an init script, which helps us to manage all Glassfish Server startup events easily. And also make Glassfish start up automatically whenever Ubuntu is rebooting.

This script file is glassfish to be created at /etc/init.d/. For managing all Glassfish Server startup events, it ships with the asadmin tool. Use this tool in the startup script as follows,

  1. Create or edit glassfish file sudo nano /etc/init.d/glassfish
  2. Paste the following lines in the file #!/bin/sh #to prevent some possible problems export AS_JAVA=/usr/lib/jvm/jdk1.8.0 GLASSFISHPATH=/home/glassfish/bin case “$1” in start) echo “starting glassfish from $GLASSFISHPATH” sudo -u glassfish $GLASSFISHPATH/asadmin start-domain domain1 ;; restart) $0 stop $0 start ;; stop) echo “stopping glassfish from $GLASSFISHPATH” sudo -u glassfish $GLASSFISHPATH/asadmin stop-domain domain1 ;; *) echo $”usage: $0 {start|stop|restart}” exit 3 ;; esac :

Now, glassfish startup script is created. We need to add this file in startup to make Glassfish Server autostart during Ubuntu startup. Follow these steps,

  1. Make the startup script file executable sudo chmod a+x /etc/init.d/glassfish
  2. Add this file to Ubuntu startup boot sudo update-rc.d glassfish defaults

That’s it. Now, restart Ubuntu and check if it really autostart the Glassfish Server.

You can also manage Glassfish Server startup events as follows,

  • Start the server /etc/init.d/glassfish start
  • Stop the server /etc/init.d/glassfish stop
  • Restart the server /etc/init.d/glassfish restart  

Unable to use package manager due to “exclusive lock” error

After update, Synaptic Manager in Ubuntu sometimes gives error

Unable to get exclusive lock. This usually means that another package management application(like apt-get or aptitude) is already running. Please close that application first.

As the message says, it means that it is already running. By default, Ubuntu runs a check after reboot — not immediately, but some time within.

Generally, it is not advised to pause an update. Once an update has started, allow it to run its course. So, wait for some time, at least 30 minutes or more to complete the background update.

In case the update takes a while, open a terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T) and type this

ps aux | grep dpkg | grep -v grep

If it shows any text then it means system is still updating, just wait for next update.